A Fairly Thorough Study of Variants
of Bible Manuscripts
Compiled by James Juris
----------------------------------------------------
The following are some notes that I put together from The Dead
Sea Scrolls Bible regarding the variants of the different manuscripts, as well
as many websites that will give you a good handle on the different manuscripts
and their variants. If you are really interested in understanding this topic,
make sure that you look at the tremendous amount of websites below these notes
on the Dead Sea Scrolls Bible:
The following are notes on
Variants of Bible Manuscripts From The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible Translated by
Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich
Professor Emmanuel Tov’s endorsement of The Dead Sea Scrolls
Bible:
"For the first time all the biblical Qumran scrolls are
now accessible in translation in this user-friendly book written by three
prominent authorities in this field." –Professor Emanuel Tov, Editor-in-Chief,
Qumran Publication Project (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With
Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich)
An important statement:
"Ancient scribes were not as accurate as the
present-day printing press or copy machine." (The Dead Sea Scrolls
Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint &
Eugene Ulrich, page 624)
The manuscript known as MurExod:
"The manuscript known as MurExod begins at Exodus 4:28.
This scroll was found south of the Qumran site in Wadi Murabba’at, a hideout
for a group of rebels during the unsuccessful uprising against Rome known as
the Bar Kokhba revolt (132-35 CE). The text—dating to the early second
century—is identical to the Masoretic Text. This fact gives some credence to the
establishment of the traditional Hebrew Bible (at the so-called Council of
Jamnia) at the end of the first century CE." (The Dead Sea Scrolls
Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint &
Eugene Ulrich, page 30)
The Earliest manuscripts of the DSS:
"The manuscript 4Qexod-Lev begins here at Exodus 38:18.
It dates—with 4QSam(b)—to the mid—third century BCE. These two scrolls are
thought by experts in Hebrew writing to be the earliest scrolls found in the
caves of Qumran." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With
Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 73)
Earliest exact representative of the Masoretic Text:
"MasLev(b), a somewhat fragmentary manuscript of some
five columns (Lev 8: 31-11:40), was found in a corner of the court that lies
between Herod’s northern palace and the large bathhouse to the south. Dating to
the middle of the first century CE, it is the earliest exact representative of
the Masoretic Text. Whereas other similarly sized manuscripts of this textual
family reflect the relatively relaxed spelling conventions of the day, this
scroll represents the Masoretic Text to the jot and tittle." (The Dead
Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter
Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 85)
One explanation for scribal errors:
"As the scribe of 11QpaleoLev(a) began copying 18:27,
his memory evidently completed the passage from the similar Leviticus 20:23-24.
Realizing his mistake, he surrounded the passage with parentheses rather than
erase it. The mistake evidently was not perpetuated—no other manuscripts are
known to include it—but students of text criticism can point to other examples
where this type of error (or "harmonization") is suspected to have
occurred." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary
by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 96)
There were Greek Manuscripts amongst the DSS as well:
"One of the Numbers scrolls, 4QLXXNum, was written in
Greek, with the preserved text starting at Numbers 3:40. The presence of Greek
manuscripts at Qumran (others include pap7QLXXExod, 4QLXXLev(4),
pap4QLXXLev(b), and 4QLXXDeut) reminds us that during the Hellenistic and Roman
periods many Jews—including those at Qumran—knew Greek as well as Hebrew and
Aramaic." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary
by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 111)
Interesting differences from our present Bibles:
"The evidence shows that 4QNum(b) and the Samaritan
Pentateuch preserve a very ancient form of the biblical text—one that sometimes
differs from our Bibles." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated
With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page
119)
Determining which manuscript is more ancient:
"…it is no easy task to decide which is the most
ancient form of the biblical text." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible,
Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene
Ulrich, page 126)
Singular in DSS changed to plural in all other manuscripts:
"According to 4QDeut(h), in chapter 2:3 God speaks to
Moses and says, "You [singular] have circled this mountain long
enough…," which focuses firmly on Moses as the recipient of God’s command.
In contrast, the Masoretic Text, the Samaritan Pentateuch, and the Septuagint
read, "You [plural]…," which emphasizes that the words that follow
are being given by God to the Israelites as a people and that Moses is
receiving the words as their representative as well as their leader. However,
in view of the frequent use of the second person plural elsewhere in this
chapter, this particular reading 4QDeut(h) seems less appropriate than that
found in the other witnesses." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible,
Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene
Ulrich, page 149)
Where the DSS makes the Bible clearer:
"In 4:14 the traditional reading as found in the
Masoretic Text, the Samaritan Pentateuch, and the Septuagint speaks of the land
that the Israelites are "crossing over to possess." But 4QDeut(c) has
a longer reading: "crossing over the Jordan to possess." (The same
longer reading is found at 11:8 in 4QDeut(k1) and the Septuagint.)This small
piece of additional information serves to the text clearer by supplying the
object of the verb; it is interesting to note that the New International
Version translations "crossing the Jordan to possess," which must
have been a paraphrase for clearer sense, since the NIV translators completed
their work in the early 1980s, when they could not have had access to 4Qdeut(c)"
(The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg,
jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 152)
Evidence that loving and fearing God are not far apart from
each other:
"Most other versions of chapter 8:6 [Deuteronomy] agree
with the Masoretic Text by stating that we should keep God’s commandments by
loving him. This raises an intersting question: Just how far apart are fearing
and loving God?" (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With
Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 159)
Unusual texts:
"From Deuteronomy 11:21 onward, 4QDeut(j) seems to
contain an unusual text, although the scroll is quite fragmentary at this
point. The remaining words and reconstruction show that verse 21 was followed
by Exodus 12:43—46 at the bottom of one column, continuing on to the top of the
next column, and ending with Exodus 12:51. This longer text is not found in the
Masoretic Text, the Samaritan Pentateach, or the Septuagint." (The Dead
Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter
Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 164)
"Deuteronomy 32:43 is an unusual verse in view of its
contents. As the list of variant readings shows, 4Qdeut(q)—supported by the
Septuagint—differs markedly from the Masoretic Text and the Samaritan
Pentateuch. For example, in the Qumran scroll it is "the heavens"
which rejoice not the nations; and God will avenge the blood of "his
sons," not "his servants." Moreover, the mention of gods
"bowing down to God" and "recompensing those who hate him"
is absent from the Masoretic Text and the Samaritan Pentateuch. This verse
provides a striking example of the very different readings that sometimes
appear in the Dead Sea Scrolls." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible,
Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene
Ulrich, page 192)
Josephus documented missing texts in the Bible that shows up
in DSS:
"The following passage in 4QSam(a) is one of the single
most dramatic discoveries among the biblical scrolls. 4QSam(a) has an entire
three-and-a-half-line paragraph missing from the Massoretic Text, the
Septuagint, and all other biblical manuscripts. The first-century historian
Josephus, however, documents that the passage was in the ancient form of the
Bible that he used. The New Revised Standard Version of the Bible has
incorporated the passage into its translation." (The Dead Sea Scrolls
Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint &
Eugene Ulrich, page 224,225)
"4QSam(a) adds the detail that Uriah was Joab’s armor-bearer,
which the Masoretic Text lacks, Josephus includes this detail, suggesting that
an ancient form of the Septuagint had it, though it excised from later
Septuagint manuscripts to conform with the Masoretic Text." (The Dead
Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter
Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 244)
Variants on Goliath (Goliath keeps growing taller):
"The next passage illustrates how ancient narratives
sometimes grew at the hand of narrators or scribes. 4QSam(a) gives the height
of Goliath as "four cubits" (equaling about six feet), and this is
what the original Septuagint, followed by the historian Josephus, also records.
Later Septuagint manuscripts reads "six cubits" (equaling about nine
feet)." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary by
Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 228)
The New Testament authors quote the John the Baptist
prophecy in Isaiah from the Septuagint, yet they "lost the exact sense
of parallelism":
"With its emphasis on prophecy and the end times, it is
not surprising that the book of Isaiah was so popular at Qumran, just as it was
among New Testament authors. In fact, the Qumran ascetics and all four
Evangelists quoted Isaiah 40:3 for purposes of self-identity, in support of the
respective missions of both the desert community and John the Baptist. The
Hebrew form of the verse is quoted in the Community Rule:
"…[T]hey shall separate from the session of perverse
men to go to the wilderness, there to prepare the way of truth, as it is
written:
"In the wilderness prepare the way of the Lord,
Make straight in the desert a highway for our God. "(1QS 8:13-14)
"The New Testament authors, however, quote this verse
from the Septuagint, which had lost the exact sense of the parallelism:
"This is the one of whom the prophet Isaiah spoke when
he said:
"The voice of one proclaiming in the wilderness:
"Prepare the way of the Lord, make straight his paths." (Matt 3:3;
see Mark 1:3, Luke 3:4, John 1:23)
"The Qumran covenanters show that they were fulfilling
Isaiah’s prophecy by separating from the Jerusalem Jews and going out to the
wilderness to prepare the way of the Lord through study of the Torah. In
contrast, the Gospel passages see Isaiah 40:3 as describing John the Baptist in
the wilderness calling his audience to prepare for the arrival of Jesus. In
these two different, self defining uses of the same scriptural passage, the
Qumran covenanters view the Isaiah passage as fulfilled in themselves, while
the Evangelists present it as about to be fulfilled in John’s witness to Jesus
the Messiah." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With
Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 270-271)
Important info on the Jeremiah scroll:
"Two important scrolls are 4QJer(b) and 4QJer(d), which
reflect a Hebrew text that is very different than the Masoretic form of
Jeremiah from which modern Bibles have been translated. It is also interesting
to note that the biblical text in these two manuscripts is very similar to the
Hebrew text from which the Septuagint (LXX) was translated. This is true not
only in small details but also in major aspects where the Septuagint differs
from the Masoretic Text. Most notably, 4QJer(b) and where the Septuagint
differs from the Masoretic Text. Most notably, 4QJer(b) and 4QJer(d) (before
they were damaged) and the Septuagint present a version of Jeremiah that is
about 13 percent shorter than the longer version found in modern Bibles."
(The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg,
jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 382)
One DSS Jeremiah Scroll (4QJer(a) is one of the oldest of
all the Dead Sea Scrolls it also has a large number of corrections because of
missing text that a second scribe had attempted to refill:
"Another fascinating scroll is 4QJer(b), one of the
oldest of all the Dead Sea Scrolls (coped as we noted, about 200 BCE or even
earlier. This manuscript contains a large number of corrections; in fact, no
other Qumran text has as many corrections in proportion to the length of the
document. The most noticeable example is in column 3, which contains additions
made by a second scribe after the original scribe had written Jeremiah 7:28 to
9:2 but had omitted a long section (7:30 to 8:3). The second scribe attempt to
insert so much missing text has resulted in a most unusual format: he squeezed
Jeremiah 7:30-31 into the gap between 7:29 and 8:4, then filled 7:32 to 8:3(a)
sideways along the left margin and wrote 8:3b upside down at the bottom of the
page!" (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary by
Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 383)
Evidence that the book of Daniel was being quoted as
Scripture about 25 BCE:
"Was the book of Daniel quoted or referred to in other
writings of Qumran? Since Daniel was not written until about 165 BCE, it would
be surprising to find it used in this way—yet this is precisely the case.
11Qmelchizedek, for example refers to the "Anointed of the Spirit, of whom
Daniel spoke" (Dan 9:25-26). The quotation of Daniel 12:10 as from the
"book of Daniel the Prophet" in the Florilegium, referred to above,
is significant for three reasons:
·
"It
proves that by 25 BCE Daniel was already being quoted as scripture.
·
"It
shows that the author(s) of the Florilegium knew Daniel as a complete book.
They were not simply using traditions about Daniel that may have been
circulating before the book was written.
·
"It
suggests that Qumran Daniel was included among the Prophets and not among the
writings (see above)." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With
Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 484)
Evidence of Anthropomorphism in DSS:
"During Daniel’s vision described in Chapter 10, the
traditional Masoretic Text tells us in verse 16 that one in the likeness of the
sons of men (i.e., one in human form) touched Daniel’s lips. The Septuagint,
however, says that something in the likeness of a human hand touched his lips.
This verse is partially preserved in three scrolls (4QDan(a), 4QDan(c),
pap6QDan), but in a very fragimentary form, with the words between likeness and
touched not preserved in any scroll. In pap6QDan, however, the verb touched is
feminine, while in the Masoretic Text it is masculine; the subject in pap6QDan
is most likely hand (with LXX), whereas in the Masoretic Text it is the one in
human form." (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With
Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 499)
Psalms 22 "They have pierced my hands and feet."
is a controversial text since it is at variance with the Masoretic Text (A copy
of the original Hebrew) ":
"Psalms 22 is a favorite among Christians since it is
often linked in the New Testament with the suffering and death of Jesus. A
well-known and controversial reading is found in verse 16, where the Masoretic
Text reads "Like a lion are my hands and feet," whereas the
Septuagint has "They have pierced my hands and feet." Among the
scrolls the reading in question is found only in the Psalms scroll found at
Nahal Hever (abbreviated 5/6HevPs), which reads "They have pierced my
hands and my feet"! (The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With
Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 538-539)
Texts that show up in the DSS, but does not appear in the MT
or LXX but appears in the Syriac Psalter:
"Psalm 154 proclaims the greatness and deliverance of
God. While not found in the Masoretic Text and the Septuagint, Psalms 154 and
155 (which occurs later in the 11QPs(a)-Psalter) are preserved in some
manuscripts of the Syriac Psalter. This is significant since it shows that some
traditions known at Qumran were preserved in the writings of Eastern Orthodox
Christianity. In the translation below, the missing verses at the beginning and
the end of this Psalm have been suppled from the Syriac." (The Dead Sea
Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr., Peter Flint
& Eugene Ulrich, page 572)
"Following the preceding prayer for victory (Ps 144),
Psalm 155 includes a plea for deliverance and offers a prayer of thanksgiving
for God’s granting of salvation. While not found in the Masoretic Text and the
Septuagint, Psalms 154 (also in the 11QPs(a)-Psalter) and 155 are preserved in
some manuscripts of the Syriac Psalter. For the significance of their presence
in the 11QPs(a)-Psalter, see the note at the beginning of Psalm 154" (The
Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, Translated With Commentary by Martin Abegg, jr.,
Peter Flint & Eugene Ulrich, page 579)
---------------------------------------------
The
following is a fairly thorough list of all websites that are important on this
topic. However, my favorite one for comparing the manuscripts is this one (make
sure you look at all of the pages on this site):
Notes on The Septuagint
http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Pines/7224/Rick/Septuagint/spindex.htm
Introductory Pages on Manuscripts
Complete List of Greek NT
Papyri
http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~wie/texte/Papyri-list.html
Bible Chronology of the Biblical Patriarchs
http://www.netrover.com/~numbers/biblical-chronology_3.html
Version Descriptions
http://www.nisbett.com/versions/bible03.htm
Bible Translations preceding Muhammad's birth
http://www.spotlights.org/24.htm
Bible from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible
Bible Versions, Ancient The New Schaff-Herzog
Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Vol. 2, p. 115ff.
http://www.bible-researcher.com/schaff02.html
Versions of the Bible Historical Dates
http://www.robinsnest.demon.co.uk/Maidenhead/vers1.htm
Biblical Chronology and Dating of the Early Bible
http://www.ldolphin.org/sewell/
Take a Tour of The
Dr. Gene Scott Collection
of the History of the English Bible
http://www.drgenescott.com/dgtour.htm
The Leningrad Codex
http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/educational_site/biblical_manuscripts/LeningradCodex.shtml
Historical Development of the Canon
http://pages.slu.edu/staff/matzbj/cefc_can_sess3.html
ARAMAIC TARGUM SEARCH
http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/searching/targumsearch.html
ARTICLES ON THE BIBLE FROM THE 1913 CATHOLIC
ENCYCLOPEDIA
http://cyberbuzz.gatech.edu/catholic/scriptures/articles.htm
Catholic Encyclopedia Codex Alexandrinus
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04080c.htm
Catholic Encyclopedia Codex Sinaiticus
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04085a.htm
Catholic Encyclopedia Codex Vaticanus
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04086a.htm
Catholic Encyclopedia Hexapla
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07316a.htm
Catholic Encyclopedia Massorah
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10035a.htm
Catholic Encyclopedia Septuagint Version
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13722a.htm
The History of the English Bible
http://www.greatsite.com/engbibhis/index.html
Find out how the modern New Testament was assembled
http://www.thegreatestpuzzle.com/assembled.htm
Forever Settled A Survey of the Documents and History of the Bible
http://www.biblebelievers.net/BibleVersions/kjcforv2.htm
A Table of Canons of the Bible
ftp://iclnet93.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/history/tab.can.txt
Special Collections -- Kiev Collection -- Judaica Resources on the Web Full-Text Documents
http://www.gwu.edu/gelman/spec/kiev/judaica/fulltext.html
Guide to Early Church Documents
http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/christian-history.html
The Hebrew Bible in English according to the JPS 1917
Edition
http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0.htm
History of the Bible in the English Language
http://www.capstonebooks.com/biblehistory.htm
"History of the Bible"
http://www.mazzaroth.com/ChapterThree/HistoryOfTheBible.htm
The History of the Pentateuch
http://homepages.bw.edu/~rfowler/imagemaps/pentateuch.htm
How The Bible Came To Us
http://www.godandscience.org/apologetics/bibleorigin.html
Jerome's Latin Vulgate (405 A.D.)
http://www.speedbible.com/vulgate/
Online Bible Versions
http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~kloppen/bible.htm
Samaritan Pentateuch Codex with Arabic Translation
http://www.jtsa.edu/library/exhib/scrips/image1.html
Latin Vulgate Bible
http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/efts/ARTFL/public/bibles/vulgate.search.html
Online Bibles
http://web.infoave.net/~jwest/bible.html
Christianity Translating Scripture
http://www20.brinkster.com/theword/origins/xain2.html
Peshitta Aramaic/English Interlinear New Testament
http://www.peshitta.org/
History of the Bible Quiz
http://www.literatureclassics.com/ancientpaths/magazine/bibtriv12.html
Samaritan Pentateuch
http://www.htmlbible.com/kjv30/easton/east3203.htm
Samaritan Pentateuch
http://www.biblelearn.com/east3203.htm
Online Douay-Rheims Bible
http://www.scriptours.com/bible/
The Septuagint Theological and Academic Resources for
the Study of the Septuagint and Old Greek Versions
http://students.cua.edu/16kalvesmaki/lxx/
The Bible Behind the Bible
http://www.opc.org/new_horizons/9506a.html
The Bible Latin Vulgate
http://www.fourmilab.ch/etexts/www/Vulgate/
The Claims of the Latin Vulgate-only View
http://www.tegart.com/brian/bible/kjvonly/rick/vulgateonly.html
Textual Criticism
The Hebrew
Masoretic Text and Greek Septuagint
http://www.purewords.org/kjb1611/html/septuag.htm
Comparison of the Septuagint and Hebrew Old Testament, based on New
Testament quotations
http://students.cua.edu/16kalvesmaki/LXX/NTChart.htm
LXX Vorlage versus MT Vorlage (This one takes a while to bring up, very
large file)
http://engmann.20m.com/about.html
The Virgin birth as seen in the manuscripts
http://custance.org/Library/Volume5/Part_I/chapter2.html
Who Is Who In Psalm 12?
http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~hr/bible/ps12.html
"I am black BUT comely" - Color bias in English translation of
Song of Solomon?
http://www.colorq.org/Bible/Tanakh/SongofSolomon.htm
Comparing Translations: Textual Criticism and Interpretation
http://www.cob-net.org/compare.htm
To Err is Human: The Imperfection of Manuscript Transmission
http://www.michaelsheiser.com/bcodewebexamples.pdf
Interpreting Ancient Manuscripts Web
http://www.earlham.edu/~seidti/iam/interp_mss.html
INTRODUCTION TO THE BOOKS OF THE KINGS
http://www.angelfire.com/nt/theology/1kg00.html
The Translation of Isaiah 53
http://www.ao.net/~fmoeller/isa53trn.htm
Letter to the Editor
http://www.struggler.org/letters.html
New Testament Gateway Textual Criticism
http://www.ntgateway.com/resource/textcrit.htm
Notes on The Septuagint
http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Pines/7224/Rick/Septuagint/spindex.htm
Occasions where The Masoretic Text Is Quoted in the New Testament
against the sense of the Septuagint
http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Pines/7224/Rick/Septuagint/spindex.htm
The Translation of the Great Isaiah Scroll
http://www.ao.net/~fmoeller/qa-tran.htm
"The Old Testament of the Early Church" Revisited
http://department.monm.edu/classics/Speel_Festschrift/sundbergJr.htm
Textus Receptus/Masoretic Text-based
foreign language Bibles
http://www.jesus-is-lord.com/trlangua.htm
The Idea of the Sanctity of the Biblical Text and the Science of Textual
Criticism
http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/dilugim/CohenArt/
Is Isaiah 7:14 A Messianic Prophecy?
http://www.messiahtruth.com/is714a.html
The REAL 1611 King James Version
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/1967/
The Textual History of the Books of the New Testament http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/TextHist.html
An Introduction to New Testament Textual Criticism http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/intro.html
Biographies of Textual Critics Biographies of Textual Critics http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/Bios.html
Assured Results
Textual Criticism has a problem: It doesn't know what is and is not
true. There are no assured results.
http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/AssuredResults.html
Counting The Words Shows the number of words omitted between manuscripts
http://www.cob-net.org/compare_wordcount.htm
Comparing Translations
http://www.cob-net.org/compare.htm
Old Testament Textual Criticism Old Testament Textual Criticism http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/OTCrit.html
Canons of Criticism Canons of Criticism http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/CanonsOfCrit.html
Block Mixture Block mixture should not be confused with ordinary
mixture, in which elements of different text-types occur constantly throughout
a manuscript. Ordinary mixture is thought to be the result of correcting a
manuscript of one type from a manuscript of another (meaning that readings from
both manuscripts will become jumbled together), while block mixture arises from
the sole use of multiple exemplars.
http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/BlockMix.html
Correctors and Corrections
http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/Correctors.html
Divisions and Organization of the Text Divisions and Organization of the
Text http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/Divisions.html
The Textus Receptus The Textus Receptus http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/TR.html
Eclecticism Eclecticism
http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/Eclecticism.html
Destruction and Reconstruction
http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/Destruct.html
Oral Transmission
http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/OralTrans.html
Scribes and the Manuscripts they Wrote http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/Scribes.html
Theology and Textual Criticism Theology and Textual Criticism http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/Theology.html
Commentary Manuscripts Commentary Manuscripts http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/Comment.html
Ommisions in the the Text of the Bible http://www.islam4all.com/omission_in_the_text.htm
A study of the Textual Variants in Mark 6:45-52
http://faculty.bbc.edu/rdecker/documents/students/mike_tc.pdf
Manuscript Support for the Bible's Reliability http://home.earthlink.net/~ronrhodes/Manuscript.html
THE BIZARRE EDITING OF THE BIBLE
http://www.awitness.org/essays/bizarre.html
Textual Criticism of the Greek New Testament
http://www.bible-researcher.com/title.html
MODERN VERSIONS AND ANCIENT MANUSCRIPTS http://www.straightistheway.com/bibles/ancient_manuscripts.html
The Bible Behind the Bible The Bible Behind the Bible http://www.opc.org/new_horizons/9506a.html
TEXT AND MANUSCRIPTS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT TEXT AND MANUSCRIPTS OF THE
NEW TESTAMENT http://www.studylight.org/enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T8698
The Reliability of the Bible
http://www.watchman.org/lds/reliabilitybiblelds.htm
Illustration of Bible text manuscript tree and variant readings
http://www.carm.org/bible/textualexample.htm
TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF THE BIBLE http://members.aol.com/rbiblech/MiscDoctrine/TextualCriticismOfTheBible.htm
Bible Versions in Focus
http://www.kamon-design.com/default.htm
Foundational Essay Copyist Errors and Estimations James Patrick Holding http://www.tektonics.org/copyisterrors.html
Church Testament Variants Evidence for the editing of documents of the
church
http://www.awitness.org/nt/ntvary.html
The Trustworthiness of the Bible Was It Tampered With By the Early
Church?
http://www.apologeticsinfo.org/papers/trustworthinessofthebible.html
A Brief Introduction into the Field of Textual Criticism
http://www.geocities.com/twelveoneld/textcrit.html
The Other Number of the Beast: 616 The Other Number of the Beast: 616 http://www.csad.ox.ac.uk/POxy/beast616.htm
Its Protected Text
http://www.gospelcom.net/rbc/ds/q0402/point2.html
Manuscripts and Versions of the Old Testament http://bible.msftware.com/bible/ot03.html
BIBLICAL CRITICISMS Farrell Till
http://www.muslim-answers.org/bible.htm
Which Bible
http://www.angelfire.com/ga/bibleprophecy/appendb.html
Old Testament Textual Criticism
http://www.skypoint.com/~waltzmn/OTCrit.html
The New Testament omits portions of the Septuagint text - ellipsis
(example - Mark 7.6-7). Isaiah 29.13
http://www.geocities.com/r_grant_jones/Rick/Septuagint/spIs29-13.html
The New Testament author augments the Septuagint with additional wording
(example - Romans 11.9-10). Psalm 69.22-23
http://www.geocities.com/r_grant_jones/Rick/Septuagint/spPs69-22.html
Septuagint (LXX) The Greek Bible
http://www.bibleandscience.com/septuagint.htm
The Dead Sea Scrolls & the Text of the Old Testament http://www.bibleandscience.com/dss.htm
Textual Criticism Questions: 2000
http://www.dtl.org/versions/e-mails/textual/2000.htm
Judith
http://home.earthlink.net/~leahsheppard/OT/StudyGroupNotescopy/09SandersonAncientTexts.html
Preserved or Corrupted ? How reliable is the Bible? http://apologetics.hypermart.net/nt/hasthebiblebeenpreserved.html
THE TWO SAMUELS
http://home.att.net/~david.r.ross/samuel16c.html
The Dead Sea Scrolls
http://www.stjohnsbreck.org/dead_sea_scrolls/
Bible Translations FAQ
http://energion.com/rpp/transfaq.html
Is the Bible God's Word? Is the Bible God's Word?
http://xinoehpoel.united.net.kg/xinoehpoel/xinoehpoel.com/godsword.htm
Which is inspired, Masoretic or
LXX?
Popular Dates Used in Archeology An Analysis of
Assumptions Based on the Septuagint
http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/chronology/lxx-septuagint-chronology.htm
The Septuagint
http://cedar.evansville.edu/~ecoleweb/glossary/LXX.html
THE HEBREW MASORETIC TEXT....OR THE GREEK SEPTUAGINT.....WHICH IS FROM
G-D?
http://www.geocities.com/faithofyeshua/masoretic_text_or_lxx_what_is_of_god.htm
THE GREEK SEPTUAGINT (LXX)
http://www.geocities.com/heartland/estates/3511/lxx.html
The Errancy of the Masoretic Text and the KJV http://www.christianseparatist.org/sixth/errancy.html
A New Look at the LXX The DEAD SEA Scrolls and the Septuagint http://www.hope-of-israel.org/tdssrant.htm
Cainan:How do you explain the difference between Luke 3:36 and Gen.
11:12? http://www.answersingenesis.org/docs/3748.asp
The Septuagint: God's Blessing on Translation http://biz.ukonline.co.uk/trinitarian.bible.society/articles/lxx.htm
If Satan Manipulated the New Testament, Why Doesn't He Win? http://www.uhcg.org/Q&A/Why-Satan-Not-Win.html
THE REAL BIBLE: WHO'S GOT IT?
http://www.atheists.org/church/realbible.html
Why I believe the Inspiration of the KJB Why I believe the Inspiration
of the KJB http://www.purewords.org/kjb1611/html/kevin.htm
In Defense of the Septuagint
http://www.angelfire.com/pr/truth/defense.html
Which came first the Church or the Bible? http://www.assumptionaz.org/studies/Orthodox/chbib.htm
WHY WOULD THE HOLY SPIRIT CHOOSE A FLAWED TRANSLATION OF THE OLD
TESTAMENT AS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF SCRIPTURAL QUOTATIONS FOR THE NEW TESTAMENT? http://www.geocities.com/faithofyeshua/would_hs_used_flawed_trans_for_nt.htm
The Bible as A Witness to Inspiration, Infallibility, Indefectability,
And Inerrancy.
http://www.cesame-nm.org/Viewpoint/contributions/bible/IIII.html
The Importance of the DSS for the 21st Century http://www.howdyneighbor.com/absresources/MUESRR/msr-DSS1.html
IS THE BIBLE INERRANT AND COMPLETE?
http://ourworld-top.cs.com/mikegriffith1/id109.htm
Do Anti-Mormons Have a Low Opinion of the Truth?
http://www.anti-mormonism-revealed.com/McKeever.htm
All Scripture Is Inspired by God:
Thoughts on the Old Testament Canon
http://students.cua.edu/16kalvesmaki/otcanon.htm
Are the Biblical Documents Reliable?
http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/bib-docu.html
A (Not So) Brief Defense of Christianity
http://www.northave.org/MGManual/defense2/BibleOld.htm
Good question...
The Biblical Text
http://www.americanpresbyterianchurch.org/the_biblical_text.htm
The Septuagint What is the Septuagint?
http://members.ozemail.com.au/~pballard/lxx.html